• Scanning an image
  • Advanced scanner settings
• Cropping and size adjustments
  • Cropping to a selection
  • Resizing an image
• Manipulating an image
  • Adjusting color mode
  • Adjusting levels (light and dark)
  • Adjusting color balance
• Adding text to an image
  • A word about layers
• Saving an image
  • File formats
• Sending an image as an email attachment
  • In Netscape
  • In Pine

1.) Turn on your scanner.
2.) Open the lid and place your photograph in the upper right-hand corner of the screen.
3.) Close the lid.
4.) Open Photoshop.
5.) Select File > Import > TWAIN_32.
6.) Click Preview. This will take a moment.
7.) Use the mouse to adjust the selection area (the dotted rectangle) to fit your image.
8.) Click Scan. This will take another moment.
9.) When the scan is complete, exit or close out of your scanning software. From Photoshop you can now save the image in the appropriate format, and to the desired location.

Advanced Scanner Settings

Images should be scanned using the flatbed (reflective) mode, and in True Color (RGB).

Resolution: The most common measurement of image resolution is dpi (dots per inch).

• Images intended for print should be scanned at between 150dpi and 300dpi. Most deskjet and laserjet printers will not print more than 300dpi, some higher quality printers will do 600dpi.
• Images intended for web or multimedia should be scanned at between 72dpi and 150dpi. Most computer monitors display resolution at 72 or 96dpi.

Rule of Thumb: The higher the dpi, the longer it will take to scan, and the larger the file size will be. If time or disk space are factors for you, then scanning at a lower dpi setting is a good way to economize on both.

Dot Pattern: If scanning from a magazine or other preprinted source, be aware of the moiré dot pattern on the original image. Scanning at a lower dpi will minimize the appearance of the dot pattern in your image.

Filters and Size: It is best to scan at 100% size, and without using any filters. Sizing and filters can be applied in Photoshop after the intial scan.

There are three different ways to change the size of an image in photoshop, all of which are located under the Image menu.

• Image Size: Changes the height, width, and resolution of an image.
• Canvas Size: Changes the image's height and width without affecting the resolution. The Anchor grid allows you reduce canvas size all around, or in a particular direction.
• Crop: Crops an image based on an active rectangular selection. Photoshop discards all information outside the selected area, resetting the width and height while maintaining resolution.

Cropping to a Selection

1.) Select the Rectangular Marquee from the Toolbar.
2.) Click and hold the mouse on your image to begin selecting an area.
3.) Drag the mouse to form a selection.
4.) Lift your finger from the mouse button to complete your selection. An active selection is displayed with a "marching ants" dotted line.
5.) Select Image > Crop. Photoshop will automatically crop to the selection you have chosen.

Resizing an Image

1.) Select Image > Image Size.
2.) Under the Print Size area, use the pull-down menus to select inches as your unit of measurement. (You can use any unit of measurement -- inches are easily identifiable by most people.)
3.) Make sure the Constrain Proportions box is checked.
4.) Type in a value for either Width, Height, or Resolution. As you change one value, the others will automatically change proportionally.
5.) Click OK when done.

For simple touching up, most of the tools you need can be found under the Image menu.

Adjusting Color Mode

Choose your color mode based on what you plan to use your image(s) for. The two most commonly used color modes are RGB (Red-Green-Blue) and CMYK (Cyan-Magenta-Yellow-Black).

• RGB mode is best suited for web or multimedia images. It can also be used to edit images before changing them into another mode.
• CMYK mode is best suited for images intended for print.
• Grayscale mode is best suited for black and white images. Changing to this mode will significantly reduce file size, though color information will be permanently discarded.

It is important to note that RGB mode displays a much greater range of color than CMYK mode. If you plan to print your image, you should covert to CMYK before making your final edit so you can get a chance to view your colors as they will appear on paper. (Of course, what you see on your monitor will only be an approximation of what actually prints out. )

Adjusting Levels

The easiest tool for adjusting light in your image is Levels. Levels allows you to adjust shadows, midtones, and highlights. Auto Levels will do the job automatically, or the regular Levels allows you to manually adjust.

1.) Select Image > Adjust > Levels.
2.) Make sure the Preview button is checked. This will allow you to see changes in your image as you make them.
3.) Move the Levels window to a location that allows you see your image while adjusting.
4.) Click and hold on the sliders, moving them left or right to change the levels of your image.
5.) Use the sliders directly beneath the histogram (center box) to alter shadows (left slider), midtones (middle slider), or highlights (right slider).
6.) Use the sliders directly beneath the gradient (bottom bar) to alter overall light/dark level.
7.) Click OK when done.

Adjusting Color Balance

This tool can be used for removing a color cast from an image, or for tweaking the color of an on-screen image. Like levels, it can be used to make adjustment to shadows, midtones, or highlights.

1.) Select Image > Adjust > Color Balance.
2.) Make sure the Preview box is checked.
3.) Move the Color Balance window so you can see your image as you make adjustments.
4.) Use the sliders to adjust color.

• Add a color by moving its slider toward it. For example, add Yellow by moving the bottom slider toward Yellow.
• Subtract a color by moving its slider away from it, or toward its complement. For example, subtract Yellow by adding Blue.
• Add or Subtract color by adjusting its complements or components. For example, subtract Yellow by adding Cyan and Magenta, or add Yellow by adding Red and Green.

1.) Select the Text Tool from the Toolbar.
2.) Position the Text cursor in the location where you want your text to start and click the mouse.
3.) Use the pulldown menus to select Font, Style, and Size.
4.) Double-click in the Color box to choose the color of your text.
5.) Type your text in the field below. Click OK when done.

When you add text to your image, Photoshop automatically creates a new Layer for the text. This allows you to move your text independently of the main image.
To reposition your text:

1.) Select the Move Tool from the Toolbar.
2.) Click and drag your text to the desired location.

A Word About Layers

Think of layers as a set of transparencies for an overhead projector. Each transparency contains a piece of a picture. Laid on top of one another, the transparencies form one whole picture, yet each piece of the picture can be moved or changed independently of the whole because it is on its own transparency. One can view each transparency individually, several transparencies together, or all of the transparencies at once. Layers in Photoshop function much in the same way.

Each time you add a new line of text, a new layer will be created. Each line can be changed independently.

1.) In order to change a line of text, you must select the appropriate layer.
2.) Use the mouse to point at the layer you wish to select.
3.) Highlight the layer to make changes to it.

Everytime a layer is added, the file size of your image increases. In order to save disk space, you should Flatten Image when you are finished adjusting your layers. Flattening the image is like gluing your transparencies together so they can no longer be moved independently. Once layers are flattened, they can no longer be individually manipulated... they become part of the main background image.

1.) Select Layer > Flatten Image

It is strongly recommended that you save your images to a zip disk or to your local hard drive, rather than saving them on your H Drive or other network space. If you plan to save a lot of images, a zip disk is a wise investment.

1.) Select File > Save As.
2.) Choose a File Name.
3.) Choose a File Format from the pull-down menu.
4.) Choose a location on your computer to save to.
5.) Click Save.

In some cases, Photoshop won't allow you to save in the file format you choose. If this happens, select File > Save As A Copy. Follow the same procedure as above.

File Formats

Photoshop supports a broad range for file formats for images. The two most commonly used formats for web images are JPEG and GIF.

• JPEG uses the most compression, and the least disk space, making it ideal for web images (faster download time). Because it compresses by averaging color values, it is not suitable for images that contain large blocks of solid color, and may not be the best choice for printed graphics. However, it is suitable for images with lots of continuous color.
• GIF also uses little disk space, and is ideal for web images. It compesses to a small file size without compromising image quality. GIFs have a limited color palette, and are best suited for images with areas of solid color. Only an image with 256 colors or less can be saved as a GIF.

The maximum file size for an attachment is 10 megabytes. I recommend that you don't send more than 3 attachments at a time. Do not send large attachments to large groups of people, preferably not more than 10 people at a time. If you need more than 10 people to see an image, you can send separate emails, or post your images on the web where they can be viewed by anyone.

In Netscape Messenger:

1. Open Netscape
2. Select Communicator > Messenger. You will be prompted to enter your password.
3. Click on New Message.
4. Address the message as you normally would.
5. Click on Attach. A list of options pops out below the Attach button. Select File... .
6. Select the file that you want to attach. You can choose a file from your desktop, your C drive, or any other location on your computer. After you've selected the file, click Open.
7. The filename appears in the Attach field. (To view the address you're sending to, find 3 tabs to the left of the Attach field. Click the top tab to see the To field. Click the middle tab (with the paper clip) to see the Attach field.)
8. Type your message in the text field as you normally would.
9. Click Send.

In Pine:
In order to attach files in Pine, they must be saved to your home directory (H Drive).

1. Press C to compose a new message
2. Address your message as you normally would.
3. Move the cursor so it's next to Attach.
4. Press Control-J to Attach. (You must have your cursor in the area above the text field in order to attach a file. Once you move the curson into the text fieil, the Control-J option changes to Justify. )
5. Press Control-T to view a list of your files.
6. User arrow keys to move among the list, and hit Enter to select.
7. If you want to add a message to the attachment, type it in when prompted. Otherwise, hit Enter.
8. Type the body of your message as usual, and send as you would normally send.